Summary of Plot Experiment on Reducing Chemical Fertilizer Application in Corn

Zhang Yi, Yang Dingyong, Xiang Dehua, Liu Chunhua

(Arable Land Quality Protection and Fertilizer Management Station of Yicheng City, Hubei Province, Yicheng 441400, Hubei, China)

Abstract: In order to guide farmers to fertilize scientifically and rationally, increase the application of organic fertilizers, reduce the use of chemical fertilizers, and improve the quality of cultivated land, a plot fertilization experiment on corn was carried out. The results showed that formula fertilization, formula fertilization with a 10% reduction combined with bio - organic fertilizer, formula fertilization with a 10% reduction combined with organic fertilizer, and special fertilizer for corn significantly increased the yield compared with the control. An appropriate formula for promotion was explored.

1. Experimental Methods and Design

1.1 Experimental Methods

The experiment was carried out in the responsibility field of Tong Qiguo in Group 5, Xinchang Village, Leihe Town, Yicheng City, Hubei Province. It is a wheat - corn double - cropping system. The yield of wheat is 420 kg per mu, and the yield of corn is 520 kg per mu. There were five treatments with three repetitions, arranged randomly. The plot area was 30 ㎡ (4.0m×7.5m), and a 4m protection zone was set around. The tested variety was Liangyu 99, produced by Dandong Denghai Liangzhong Seed Industry Company. Sowing was carried out on May 26. Seedling fertilizer was top - dressed and covered with soil on June 19, and herbicide was sprayed. Ear fertilizer was applied on July 9. Sampling was carried out when it matured on September 7, and then harvesting and variety examination were carried out.

1.2 Soil Conditions

The soil of the experimental field was recent alluvial deposits, fluvo - aquic soil. The nutrient content of the basic soil sample was: soil organic matter 27.2g/kg, available nitrogen 106mg/kg, available phosphorus 25.4mg/kg, available potassium 178mg/kg, and pH 7.3.

1.3 Experimental Design

The tested fertilizers were provided by Hubei Yishizhuang Agricultural Science and Technology Co., Ltd. [1] 30% organic - inorganic compound fertilizer (15 - 6 - 9:15), 38% special fertilizer for corn (24 - 7 - 7), and single - element fertilizers such as urea, superphosphate, and potassium chloride purchased from the market. Treatment 1: no fertilization (control); Treatment 2: formula fertilization, mixed with single - element fertilizers (13 - 6 - 8) kg/mu; Treatment 3: 87 kg/mu of 30% organic - inorganic fertilizer, with 10% less nutrients than Treatment 2; Treatment 4: 87 kg/mu of 30% organic - inorganic fertilizer (with bio - bacteria), with 10% less nutrients than Treatment 2; Treatment 5: 50 kg of 38% special fertilizer for corn plus 3 kg of pure N (no top - dressing); For Treatment 3 and 4, 11.7 kg of urea was top - dressed as seedling fertilizer and ear fertilizer per mu.

2. Experimental Results and Analysis

2.1 Actual Yield

The yield results of separate plot harvesting are shown in Table 1.

2、2产量方差分析

各小区产量方差分析见表2。经过F值测验[2]，说明不同处理间有极显著的差异，即具有极显著的增产效果。

进行新复极差测验见表3。查SSR表计算出不同平均数之间极显著性的尺度值。

经过新复极差比较见表4。以小区产量平均值进行差异性比较见表3。试验结果证明：施肥处理均比不施肥处理差异极显著；配方施肥与有机无机肥（加生物菌）NPK减量10%、有机肥无机肥NPK减量10%、玉米专用肥处理比较差异显著；有机无机肥（加生物菌）NPK减量10%与有机肥减量10%处理差异显著;有机肥减量10%处理与玉米专用肥比较差异显著。

2、3农艺性状分析

小区农艺性状比较见表5。分析发现，五处理对比以处理1的果穗最短，处理2和处理4的穗粒数最多，处理4的千粒重292.7g最高，其次是处理3的290.7g，说明玉米施用有机无机肥和有机无机肥（加生物菌）能增加玉米粒重，生长旺盛。 

2、4经济效益分析

试验产量效益比较见表6。处理2的产量526.34公斤/亩为最高，处理1的产量413.76公斤/亩为最低；处理2、3、4、5比处理1(对照)分别高112.6公斤/亩、90.1公斤/亩、98.5公斤/亩、76.9公斤/亩，增幅分别达27.2%、21.7%、23.8%、18.6%，增产明显。

亩净收入以处理2的812.18元最高，处理5的758.48次之，分别比对照增收67.42元、13.72元；因商品出售价格因素影响，处理3、处理4由于肥料投入高，亩净收入出现增产不增收，入不敷出的状况。 

3、结论

3、1有机无机肥（加生物菌）、有机无机肥明显促进玉米增产[3]。能改良土壤理化性状，增强土壤生物活动，提高肥料利用率，替代部分化肥使用量；处理4（加菌）亩投纯养分24.3kg，产投比仅1:4.48，处理3亩投纯养分与处理4相同，其产投比为1:4.87高于处理4，因肥料成本高而不宜在商品价值低的作物应用，适用在经济作物推广。

3、2根据玉米生长特点NPK合理配比为适宜选择[4]。配方施肥既满足玉米生长需要，又维持土壤养分平衡，从而保持农民既增产又增收；但亩投纯养分达27.0kg，产投比为1:7.01，改进通用肥配方和等养分配方是节本增收的重要措施。

3、3宜施壮玉米专用肥值得广泛推广。专用肥根据作物需求确定配方，补充敏感的中、微量元素满足作物生长需要，2、3、4、5施肥处理中，以玉米专用肥处理肥料投入最少，亩施纯养分仅22kg,比处理2养分减量18.5%，比处理3、4养分减量9.5%，产投比为1:8.28达最高；是减量施肥的最佳选择，省工、省时、省钱、省心。

综上所述：施用有机肥可替代化肥15%左右，使用针对性强的专用肥可节省盲目施肥10%左右，该试验田前茬施肥水平高而残存量大，不施肥处理产量高达413.8kg，但揭示出的规律对生产具有指导性，有待进一步试验探讨。

参考文献：

[1]作物栽培学各论（南方本）[M]北京:中国农业出版社,2011

[2]盖钧镒 试验统计方法[M]北京:中国农业出版社,2000

[3]赵义涛.土壤肥料学[M].北京:中国化学工业出版社,2009

[4]高祥照.肥料实用手册[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2002